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A literature review by endocrine specialists from San Raffaele Vita-Salute University and IRCC Hospital, Italy found that diabetes mellitus, obesity, and vertebral fractures are the most common endocrine manifestations in COVID-19 patients, and ACE2 mRNA expression in the pituitary, pituitary apoplexy, and hyponatremia are the most common pituitary manifestations. Research has yet to be done on the effect of COVID-19 on pituitary conditions such as acromegaly, Cushing's Syndrome, hypopituitarism, and adrenal insufficiency but these may be risk factors for severe COVID-19.

A systematic review and meta-analysis conducted by researchers affiliated with Maoming People's Hospital and Southern Medical University in China included 14 studies (Figure 1) and found a prevalence of 0.774% and mortality rate of 8.814% of COVID-19 infection among people living with HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (PLWHA), however there was no association of increased mortality among PLWHA with COVID-19 compared to non-PLWHA (RR 0.96, 95% CI, 0.88-1.06) (Figure 4). Increased mortality was found in PLWHA with the presence of comorbidities including DM (RR 5.2, 95% CI, 4.25-6.36), HTN and chronic cardiac disease (RR 4.2, 95% CI 1.09-16.10), and CKD (RR 8.43, 95% CI 5.49-12.93) (Figure 5). These findings suggest the need for follow-up studies to investigate HIV viral load, CD4 count, and antiretroviral therapy in relation to COVID-19 outcomes.