A literature review conducted by researchers affiliated with Johns Hopkins University and School of Medicine investigated the short-term and long-term consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the heart and found myocardial injury in COVID-19 is correlated with severity of critical illness instead of virally-induced myocardial damage. Given the low prevalence of COVID-19 myocarditis, cardiac MRI should be used in cases where there could be immediate procedural implications, such as re-vascularization, ablation, valvular interventions, or concern for malignancy (Figure 2). Persistent Long COVID-19 symptoms are present in an estimated 20-30% of outpatients and up to 80% of hospitalized patients, and follow-up can be done with serial electrocardiograms and echocardiogram for monitoring (Figure 3). These findings further the knowledge base regarding cardiovascular implications of COVID-19 infection but could benefit from future investigation (Figure 4).

An exploratory, descriptive, prospective cohort study conducted at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center by an OBGYN physician followed 103 women who received a COVID-19 vaccine (Moderna or Pfizer) from December 2020 through March 2021 and 28 women with confirmed infection from April 2020 through March 2021. CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses occurred in pregnant, lactating, and nonpregnant women following vaccination (Figure 3), with detectable binding and neutralizing antibodies in infant cord blood and breast milk (Figure 2). The small sample-size, failure to determine correlates of immunogenicity and protection, and lack of a control group warrant future studies with greater control and sample sizes.

A systematic review and meta-analysis conducted by researchers in Peru included 6 articles published through April 1, 2021 (Table 1) and found a 2% prevalence of COVID-19 in patients with Parkinson's disease. COVID-19 infection was associated with obesity (OR: 1.79), pulmonary disease (OR: 1.92), COVID-19 contact (OR: 41.77), hospitalization (OR: 11.78), and death (OR: 11.23) in patients with Parkinson's disease (Table 2, Part 2), whereas vitamin D supplementation (OR: 0.50) was associated with decreased risk. During the pandemic, there has been an increase in prevalence of worsening motor symptoms, as well as non-motor symptoms including emotional status, anxiety, and sleep disorders (Table 2, Part 4). These findings highlight the increased COVID-19 mortality in Parkinson's disease both medically and socially with increased isolation and subsequent decrease in quality of life, and health policies should be established to prevent these patients from developing complications.

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